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Estimated PCAT Biology Score: 200
Just know, when you truly want success, you’ll never give up on it. No matter how bad the situation may get. Keep your head up and keep on fighting!
Estimated PCAT Biology Score: Less than 350
Just know, when you truly want success, you’ll never give up on it. No matter how bad the situation may get. Keep your head up and keep on fighting!
Estimated PCAT Biology Score: Less than 330
You’re on the right track. Take your time to reflect on your performance and how you can improve your scores the next time around. Carefully review these solutions, learn from your mistakes and understand the intricacies of each question. You’re going in the correct direction and you’ll only go up from here!
Estimated PCAT Biology Score: 340
You’re on the right track. Take your time to reflect on your performance and how you can improve your scores the next time around. Carefully review these solutions, learn from your mistakes and understand the intricacies of each question. You’re going in the correct direction and you’ll only go up from here!
Estimated PCAT Biology Score: 370
You’re on the right track. Take your time to reflect on your performance and how you can improve your scores the next time around. Carefully review these solutions, learn from your mistakes and understand the intricacies of each question. You’re going in the correct direction and you’ll only go up from here!
Estimated PCAT Biology Score: 390
You’re doing a good job! Keep working on it and you’ll soon see your score in the 20’s. Take your time in understanding your mistakes and in carefully reviewing these solutions and learning from the intricacies of each question.
Estimated PCAT Biology Score: 410
Good going! You are really getting to where you need to be. Keep it going! Take your time in understanding your mistakes and in carefully reviewing these solutions and understanding the intricacies of each question. Your goal should be to beat your 410 on the next test! Every point you get correct will get you closer to the perfect 600!
Estimated PCAT Biology Score: 430
Good going! You are really getting to where you need to be. Keep it going! Keep on working on it and you’ll soon see your score in the 500’s. Take your time in understanding your mistakes and in carefully reviewing these solutions and understanding the intricacies of each question. Your goal should be to beat your 430 on the next test!
Estimated PCAT Biology Score: 450
Awesome job! Keep it up and you’ll soon be in the 500’s. Learn from your mistakes and strategize on how you’ll beat your 450!
Estimated PCAT Biology Score: 470
Awesome job! You did it! You really outdid yourself today. What can we do differently on the next exam to get yourself up to 500? Lets do it!
Estimated PCAT Biology Score: 500
Impressive! You hit 500! Now let’s push you up to the perfect 600!
Estimated PCAT Biology Score: 540
You rocked it! That was quite an accomplishment!
Estimated PCAT Biology Score: 570 or higher
You are a rockstar! We tip our hats to you!
1. The enzyme responsible for the activation of trypsinogen in the intestine is
Enterokinase, also called enteropeptidase, is a digestive enzymeproduced by cells of the duodenum. After the ingested food enters the intestine from the stomach, enterokinase converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin, activating pancreatic digestive enzymes.
Enterokinase, also called enteropeptidase, is a digestive enzymeproduced by cells of the duodenum. After the ingested food enters the intestine from the stomach, enterokinase converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin, activating pancreatic digestive enzymes.
2. The electron transport chain is located inside the
The electron transport chain is located inside the inner mitochondria membrane. The protein carriers for the electron transport chain are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membranes. This makes it possible for oxidative phosphorylation to take place here.
The electron transport chain is located inside the inner mitochondria membrane. The protein carriers for the electron transport chain are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membranes. This makes it possible for oxidative phosphorylation to take place here.
3. Which of the following is NOT found in the Fluid-Mosaic Model of a cell?
The mosaic nature of scattered proteins within a flexiblematrix of phospholipid molecules describes the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane. Choice A is correct because the fluid mosaic model does containphospholipid bilayersthat control the movement of materials into and out of the cell. It also has embedded proteins (Choice D) that are scattered throughout the flexible phospholipid membrane. Proteins may attach loosely to the inner or outer surface of the membrane, or they may be integral proteins, which extend into the membrane. Choice E. Protein channels, or channel proteins, are also present in the plasma membrane. They provide open passageways through the membrane for certain hydrophilic substances such as polar and charged molecules. However, Choice B. liposomes, which are artificially-prepared spherical vesicles composed of a lipid bilayer, are not present in the fluid mosaic model of a cell. Therefore, Choice B is the correct answer.
The mosaic nature of scattered proteins within a flexiblematrix of phospholipid molecules describes the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane. Choice A is correct because the fluid mosaic model does containphospholipid bilayersthat control the movement of materials into and out of the cell. It also has embedded proteins (Choice D) that are scattered throughout the flexible phospholipid membrane. Proteins may attach loosely to the inner or outer surface of the membrane, or they may be integral proteins, which extend into the membrane. Choice E. Protein channels, or channel proteins, are also present in the plasma membrane. They provide open passageways through the membrane for certain hydrophilic substances such as polar and charged molecules. However, Choice B. liposomes, which are artificially-prepared spherical vesicles composed of a lipid bilayer, are not present in the fluid mosaic model of a cell. Therefore, Choice B is the correct answer.
4. All of the following hormones are correctly paired with its function except
All of them are correctly matched except for Choice C. Aldosterone regulates the concentration of salts in the urine via the reabsorption of water and the reabsorption of Na+ ions. It increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to Na+ ions, and thus more Na+ ions diffuse out. Since the Na+ ions increase the salt concentration outside the tubule, water passively follows, and urine becomes more concentrated.
All of them are correctly matched except for Choice C. Aldosterone regulates the concentration of salts in the urine via the reabsorption of water and the reabsorption of Na+ ions. It increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to Na+ ions, and thus more Na+ ions diffuse out. Since the Na+ ions increase the salt concentration outside the tubule, water passively follows, and urine becomes more concentrated.
5. Which of the following is a fungal disease?
Ringworm is a skin infection due to a fungus. All the other diseases are caused by infection with viruses. Therefore, Choice A is correct.
Ringworm is a skin infection due to a fungus. All the other diseases are caused by infection with viruses. Therefore, Choice A is correct.
6. Which of the following is not associated with the human anatomy of the arm?
All of the listed answer choices except for Choice E are associated with the arm – make sure you know them all! Choice E. Cuboid bone is located on the lateral side of the foot. This bone connects the foot and the ankle, and provides stability to the foot.
All of the listed answer choices except for Choice E are associated with the arm – make sure you know them all! Choice E. Cuboid bone is located on the lateral side of the foot. This bone connects the foot and the ankle, and provides stability to the foot.
7. What entity of neurons allows for one-way conduction of impulses in the nervous system?
Choice A is the correct answer. Synapses transmit information from presynaptic to postsynaptic cell, thus aiding in one-way conduction of impulse. Choice B. Axons are long, slender extensions of the cell body that send nerve impulses away from the cell body. Choice C. Myelin sheaths consist of a series of Schwann cells that encircle the axon. Choice D. Dendrites are short, branched extensions of the cell body that receive stimuli. Choice E. Somas contain the nucleus and other cellular organelles.
Choice A is the correct answer. Synapses transmit information from presynaptic to postsynaptic cell, thus aiding in one-way conduction of impulse. Choice B. Axons are long, slender extensions of the cell body that send nerve impulses away from the cell body. Choice C. Myelin sheaths consist of a series of Schwann cells that encircle the axon. Choice D. Dendrites are short, branched extensions of the cell body that receive stimuli. Choice E. Somas contain the nucleus and other cellular organelles.
8. What ion(s) determine(s) the resting potential of a nerve cell?
The resting potential of a nerve cell is determined by both sodium and potassium. Choice D is correct.
The resting potential of a nerve cell is determined by both sodium and potassium. Choice D is correct.
9. Which of the following diseases is caused by trisomy 21?
10. Characteristics of Fungi
Only Choice E is correct. Fungi belong to Domain Eukarya, and can be saprophytic. They do not have chlorophylls nor contain hyphae during unicellular stages.
Only Choice E is correct. Fungi belong to Domain Eukarya, and can be saprophytic. They do not have chlorophylls nor contain hyphae during unicellular stages.
11. During the early phase of an action potential
In response to a stimulus, gated ion channels in the cell membrane open up. This causes the positively charged Na+ ions on the outside to rush into the cell. As a result, the inside of the cell becomes more positive (depolarized) than at the resting potential. If the stimulus is above a threshold level, more Na+ channels open, more Na+ ions rush in, and finally an action potential is generated.
In response to a stimulus, gated ion channels in the cell membrane open up. This causes the positively charged Na+ ions on the outside to rush into the cell. As a result, the inside of the cell becomes more positive (depolarized) than at the resting potential. If the stimulus is above a threshold level, more Na+ channels open, more Na+ ions rush in, and finally an action potential is generated.
12. The carboxylation of pyruvate to form a 4-carbon oxaloacetate (the initial 4-carbon in the Krebs Cycle) takes place in which of the following?
The carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate takes place in mitochondria. Choice A is the correct answer.
The carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate takes place in mitochondria. Choice A is the correct answer.
13. The Krebs Cycle involves
The Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid cycle, or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is a step in aerobic respiration that produces ATP for animals to use. In the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA merges with oxaloacetate to produce citrate. Because the cycle needs to continue, oxaloacetate gets regenerated each time. 3NADH, 1FADH2, 1ATP, and 2CO2 are produced per one cycle, and thus Choice A is wrong. Neither breakdown of proteins or glycogen formation is involved in the Krebs cycle, thus making Choices C, D and E wrong.
The Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid cycle, or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is a step in aerobic respiration that produces ATP for animals to use. In the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA merges with oxaloacetate to produce citrate. Because the cycle needs to continue, oxaloacetate gets regenerated each time. 3NADH, 1FADH2, 1ATP, and 2CO2 are produced per one cycle, and thus Choice A is wrong. Neither breakdown of proteins or glycogen formation is involved in the Krebs cycle, thus making Choices C, D and E wrong.
14. Which one of the following is an example of a genotype?
A genotype is the genetic makeup of a cell or an organism, and shows the specific composition of alleles. Choice A is not a genotype, since it does not specifically describe the full allelic composition of Jill. Choice B provides a definition of a gene. In Choice C, X and Y chromosomes are sex chromosomes, not alleles. Furthermore, a person’s physical appearance such as a birthmark is also not an example of genotype, so Choice E is wrong. Even without this process of elimination, you would have known that Choice D correctly represents a genotype, since it gives the full allelic composition of an individual.
A genotype is the genetic makeup of a cell or an organism, and shows the specific composition of alleles. Choice A is not a genotype, since it does not specifically describe the full allelic composition of Jill. Choice B provides a definition of a gene. In Choice C, X and Y chromosomes are sex chromosomes, not alleles. Furthermore, a person’s physical appearance such as a birthmark is also not an example of genotype, so Choice E is wrong. Even without this process of elimination, you would have known that Choice D correctly represents a genotype, since it gives the full allelic composition of an individual.
15. All are functions of the medulla EXCEPT which of the following?
The medulla, or medulla oblongata, controls all of the answer choices except for Choice D. It deals with the involuntary, or autonomic, functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure. It is not responsible for voluntary movements.
The medulla, or medulla oblongata, controls all of the answer choices except for Choice D. It deals with the involuntary, or autonomic, functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure. It is not responsible for voluntary movements.
16. Myelin sheaths are found
Myelin sheaths encircle the axon of neurons, and thus Choice A is correct.
Myelin sheaths encircle the axon of neurons, and thus Choice A is correct.
17. Select the correct sequence of filtered blood through the kidney
The kidney consists of nephrons, which can be further divided into different sections. The glomerulus is where filtration of blood takes place here. When blood enters the glomerulus, pressure forces water and solutes out of the capillary walls and into the Bowman’s capsule. Larger substances such as red blood cells and proteins cannot pass through the capillaries and thus remain in the capillaries. However, smaller substances such as glucose and salts pass through the capillaries, entering the Bowman’s capsule and flowing into the proximal convoluted tubule. The filtrate then passes through the proximal tubule and distal tubule, and flows into the collecting duct. Therefore, Choice A is correct.
The kidney consists of nephrons, which can be further divided into different sections. The glomerulus is where filtration of blood takes place here. When blood enters the glomerulus, pressure forces water and solutes out of the capillary walls and into the Bowman’s capsule. Larger substances such as red blood cells and proteins cannot pass through the capillaries and thus remain in the capillaries. However, smaller substances such as glucose and salts pass through the capillaries, entering the Bowman’s capsule and flowing into the proximal convoluted tubule. The filtrate then passes through the proximal tubule and distal tubule, and flows into the collecting duct. Therefore, Choice A is correct.
18. All are characteristic of slow twitch fibers EXCEPT which of the following?
All of the listed choices are characteristics of slow twitch fibers except Choice C. Slow twitch fibers fire more slowly than fast twitch fibers and thus can go for a longer time before they fatigue.
All of the listed choices are characteristics of slow twitch fibers except Choice C. Slow twitch fibers fire more slowly than fast twitch fibers and thus can go for a longer time before they fatigue.
19. The period of rapid growth and replication of genetic material is characteristic of what phase of mitosis?
Rapid growth and replication of genetic material takes place during interphase. After interphase, the cell enters prophase, during which chromatin condenses into chromosomes. In metaphase, the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate (equator). Then, in anaphase, microtubules shorten, and each chromosome is pulled apart into two chromatids. Finally, during telophase, nuclear division occurs, nuclear envelop develops, chromosomes once again become chromatin, and nucleoli reappear.
Rapid growth and replication of genetic material takes place during interphase. After interphase, the cell enters prophase, during which chromatin condenses into chromosomes. In metaphase, the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate (equator). Then, in anaphase, microtubules shorten, and each chromosome is pulled apart into two chromatids. Finally, during telophase, nuclear division occurs, nuclear envelop develops, chromosomes once again become chromatin, and nucleoli reappear.
20. Afferent neurons
There are 3 types of neurons: sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), and association (interneuron) neurons. The afferent neurons receive initial stimulus and transmit the information to the brain. The efferent neurons stimulate target cells to elicit response. Interneurons are located in the spinal cord and brain. They receive impulses from sensory neurons and send impulses to motor neurons.
There are 3 types of neurons: sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), and association (interneuron) neurons. The afferent neurons receive initial stimulus and transmit the information to the brain. The efferent neurons stimulate target cells to elicit response. Interneurons are located in the spinal cord and brain. They receive impulses from sensory neurons and send impulses to motor neurons.
